American Masters

Lin-Manuel Miranda describes discovering Rita Moreno and seeing "West Side Story" for the first time, and realizing it was about Puerto Rican New Yorkers. "It was a gamechanger."

Some of the last songs Patsy Cline recorded, especially "Sweet Dreams," still inspire country musicians like Reba McEntire today.

In designing the Dulles International Airport, Eero Saarinen re-imagined a jet-age world, solving the problem of growing terminals by bringing the passenger to the plane with a "mobile lounge."

Xolo Maridueña (actor, "Cobra Kai"), Gina Torres (actor and producer), Tanya Saracho (showrunner, "Vida"), and Ivana Rojas (actor, "Gentified") discuss the importance of Latine representation both in front of and behind the camera.

Filmmakers Bob Hercules and Rita Coburn-Whack share some of the inspiration and process that went into making the film Maya Angelou: And Still I Rise.

The National Marian Anderson Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania houses a collection of Anderson's beautiful couture clothing, accessories and shoes. "One of the things that Marian was able to re-imagine about her life and about her style was being introduced to the European fashion scene," said Jillian

Norman Lear's controversial work led to a disclaimer from CBS. The first documentary about the 94-year-old television legend, "American Masters — Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You," premieres nationwide Tuesday, October 25 at 9 p.m. on PBS (check local listings).

On June 14, 1925, the Thelma boat was capsized in Newport Beach, California. Duke Kahanamoku heroically rescued eight of the men on the boat, and recovered the bodies of the many others who perished. "Duke saw people suffering and struggling and said, 'I can do something.' He

Bill Anderson, long-time friend of Jimmy Dean, comments on the "not quite oil-and-water" relationship between Cline and Dean.

Althea Gibson is seen in home movies at the esteemed West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, a mecca of tennis and national championships. The footage was taken by Bob Davis, her practice partner, who recalls how the setting was both alien and marvelous to them. Nick Bollettieri, Hall of

George Zimbel's photographs: Joe Dimaggio walking out on Marilyn Monroe. Zimbel was there on the street among several photographers to document what would become Monroe's most lasting image: a blowing white halter dress. More than the dress or the scene, Zimbel remembers a Joe Dimaggio that

The First Christian Church in Columbus, IN, was designed by both Eliel and Eero Saarinen, and shows the marks of Eero's developing style.

Marian Anderson was billed as a contralto, the lowest possible female voice, even though she could also sing the high notes of a soprano. "I believed that Marian Anderson was not classified as a soprano is because that would mean that she would be the love interest of a

Largely responsible for the explosion of bold American television in the 1970s, writer/producer Norman Lear’s name is synonymous with the sitcom. The first documentary about the 94-year-old television legend, "American Masters — Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You," premieres nationwide Tuesday, October 25 at 9 p.

Before Ella Fitzgerald became the First Lady of Song and earned 13 Grammy Awards, she spent much of her teenage years as an orphan, finding odd jobs and, at times, living on the street. Journalist Nina Bernstein and Fitzgerald’s longtime friend June Norton discuss one of the singer’s

The Amateur Athletic Union held its first swim race in Hawaii in 1911, where Duke Kahanamoku shattered the world record by whole seconds. "Hawaiians came into this excited for national recognition, but Duke gave them the world spotlight."

Rennie Harris, PureMovement choreographer, describes how choreographers are responsible for their dancers. "Mr. Ailey, he used to train moving through spaces and shifting geographies and people and we needed that bullet train."

Miles Davis recorded tune after tune in order to fulfill his contractual obligation to Prestige Records. In the process, he recorded "gems" of jazz spontaneity.

How Milton Greene photographed Marilyn Monroe (voiced by Greene's first wife, Amy Greene). Greene was one of many photographers in and out of Monroe's life. But, they were closer than most. Monroe even lived with his family for a short time. More than anything, Greene shot

In this film excerpt from Loretta Lynn: Still a Mountain Girl, Sheryl Crow and Jack White talk about Loretta Lynn’s talent as a lyricist and songwriter, and Reba McEntire reveals her favorite Lynn song, "If You're Not Gone Too Long,” and sings some of it. Jack

In 1919, Marian Anderson traveled to Chicago for a six-week opera course. Decades later, the city's lasting impression on her was heard through her rendition of the spiritual folk song, "Crucifixion," which evoked memories of the racial unrest she saw during her time there.

Helen Keller became interested in politics and read extensively on socialism. She began to write articles for The Call, a socialist paper in New York City. "It can't be unreasonable to ask of a society a fair chance for all. It can't be unreasonable to

Patsy Cline and Charlie Dick were two young, passionate musicians from working-class backgrounds. After meeting at a club, the two struck up a relationship, and it seemed like a perfect match.

Paul Strauch, Duke's former surf teammate, recounts a conversation he had with Duke about the power of the word "Aloha." "Alo" translates to "in the presence," and "ha" is "the breath of life." "[Aloha] was a symbol

Sidney Lumet describes his motivations for making the movie "12 Angry Men," one of his first projects as a filmmaker.

Inspired by public libraries, Joe Papp made it his mission to have theater be accessible to the public. "I just don't do shows," he said. "They must have meaning."

At TWA, we tried to design a building in which the architecture itself would express the drama and excitement of travel. In a way, this is man's desire to conquer gravity.

Largely responsible for the explosion of bold American television in the 1970s, writer/producer Norman Lear’s name is synonymous with the sitcom. The first documentary about the 94-year-old television legend, "American Masters — Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You," premieres nationwide Tuesday, October 25 at 9 p.

When Clint Eastwood first heard "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face," he found himself "driving off the side of the freeway," according to Roberta Flack. Enamored with the song, the director used it in a pivotal moment in his film "Play Misty for

Songwriter Les McCann described seeing Roberta Flack perform with all of that "getting-togetherness," referencing the soulful and central quality of Black music. "The concept of soul was really this attempt to recreate what was particular about being Black in America. This experience of struggle and resilience and

Roberta Flack discovered Lori Lieberman's "Killing Me Softly With His Song" on a plane from L.A. to New York, and made it her own. "I was not limited to just taking the song off of the page of music," said Flack. After seeing

Mel Brooks ad-libbed his first stage appearance. The crowd loved it. The director did not.

Director and comedian Mike Nichols was famous for his hearty laugh, which often turned into tears, and is why he always kept a handkerchief nearby. Alec Baldwin, playwright Neil Simon, Matthew Broderick, Nathan Lane and Frank Langella recall Nichols' humor and laughter, which is also heard and seen in

When Patsy Cline first signed a record deal with Four Star Records, she was paid half of the industry standard, and walked away with 2.34% minus deductions.

"Latinos were sticking their heads out the window, screaming 'She did it, she did it!'" Rita Moreno fondly remembers the historic moment she received the Academy Award for Best Actress for "West Side Story."

Filmmakers Heidi Ewing and Rachel Grady talk about their work as directors and mentors.

In this outtake from "The Adventures of Saul Bellow," Philip Roth describes his friendship with and admiration for Bellow, and he Bellow was a "powerhouse" of an author. "There are very few tools that he couldn't pick up and use," Roth said

Salman Rushdie talks about some of his favorite Saul Bellow books in this outtake from "The Adventures of Saul Bellow." Rushdie says, "These are some of the great masterpieces of American literature."

Saul Bellow's novel "The Dean's December," released in 1982, details the blowback a writer faces after publishing an exposé on Chicago's corruption. "You can't live in Chicago without being sharply aware of the presence of this underclass," said

Ernest Hemingway was the master of the simple, declarative sentence during his time. By contrast, when Saul Bellow came along, he wrote descriptive sentences full of verbal energy. "This was a great shift in the American notion of what a great prose style was," said Philip Roth.

Commentary and discussion on Norman Lear's legacy.

In his search for a home for new American theater, producer Joseph Papp saved a historic building in "ruins" from demolition. It was once the Astor Library, which became the first free public library in New York, and had been converted into a place for homeless Jewish people

Meryl Streep was touched, but perplexed when Joe Papp asked her to take over The Public Theater after his passing. "What he wanted was bigger than what could be, which was sort of always what was true with him," said Streep.

Warren "Wawa" Snipe, one of the ASL interpreters in "Becoming Helen Keller," raps under a genre he calls "Dip-Hop," or hip-hop through Deaf eyes. With Dip-Hop, Snipe wants to bridge the gap between the Deaf and hearing communities. "Deaf musicians are here. Don&

Alan Stoker talks about Patsy's gift as a singer and an artist, exploring the difference in style between live performances and studio recordings.

Mel Brooks is here to find the insane and the bizarre in the commonplace.

Growing up, Roberta Flack was known as a musical prodigy who "could play anything" on the piano. She grew up in the church, where her mother was an organist, and started studying classical piano repertoire at just nine years old.

In 1969, Ursula K. Le Guin published a groundbreaking novel called "The Left Hand of Darkness" that questioned binary concepts of gender. Learn about the backlash from fans that found the book too controversial as well as criticism from feminists who felt that she didn’t go far

Mike Nichols won an Academy Award for directing "The Graduate," his second film, released in December 1967. Nichols learned about directing from Elia Kazan and Lee Strasberg. Dustin Hoffman, the young star of "The Graduate," and Paul Simon, whose songs are included on the soundtrack, describe

Joe Papp built a stage on a 35 foot portable truck so he could bring Shakespeare to other communities. "I found myself directing all the plays on the mobile unit, because I felt this was the thing I wanted to be closely identified with, to bring Shakespeare to these

Explore the legacy of Marian Anderson in this special event featuring panelists Director Rita Coburn, Mezzo-Soprano Denyce Graves and Tenor George Shirley, moderated by Executive Producer Michael Kantor.

In this interview outtake, Don Rickles was interviewed for American Masters – Bob Newhart¬ (2005). The legendary insult comic pokes fun at close friend Bob Newhart. Interview conducted by filmmaker Kyra Thompson in April 2005.

White and black fans flocked to Fats Domino concerts, integrating many venues for the first time. Four riots took place in 1956. Saxophonist Herb Hardesty describes two concerts and says the riots weren't about race. This film excerpt includes Domino being interviewed about rock n' roll and

Mel Brooks remembers his Oscar winning short, "The Critic".

The logic here is, as long as it isn't happening to Mel Brooks, it's funny.

Director Alexandra Dean shares all the articles, photos and letters stashed away in her home that piece together the true story of Hedy Lamarr. Find out what Dean found frustrating during her research and who helped her put all the pieces together right before she almost gave up.

Loretta Lynn, Sissy Spacek and Sheryl Crow on Lynn's work and influence among women artists, and her song, "The Pill." The song about birth control was both banned and a top hit for Lynn, who has her own special brand of feminism. See archival footage of

A silent short, developing a Marilyn Monroe photograph. (Photo by Roy Schatt.)

A silent short of Marilyn Monroe's 'Ballerina' outtakes. (Photos by Milton Greene.)

Sam Shaw's name isn't well known, but his photographs of Marilyn Monroe are. Here, Shaw's children reminisce about growing up around Monroe. Shaw was also the brainchild of the famous white halter dress shot from 'The Seven Year Itch.'

Follow the 5-time Tony-nominated director and choreographer of Broadway’s Gypsy and Hell’s Kitchen as she elevates the possible with bold explorations of everyday movement, and African Diasporic dance. The film foregrounds Brown’s visionary talent from her Queens, New York neighborhood to the Broadway stage, television and movie

The astonishing and heartwarming story of George Lee, a pioneering Asian dancer who originated a featured role in George Balanchine’s The Nutcracker 70 years ago as a teenage immigrant from China.

Explore the work of cartoonist Art Spiegelman and the impact of his Pulitzer Prize-winning graphic novel Maus, about his parents’ survival of the Holocaust. A defender of free speech, Spiegelman has spoken out as book bans spread across the country.

Explore the work of cartoonist Art Spiegelman and the impact of his Pulitzer Prize-winning graphic novel Maus, about his parents’ survival of the Holocaust. A defender of free speech, Spiegelman has spoken out as book bans spread across the country.

Rapper and actor Daveed Diggs on his creative process as a rapper and songwriter. The "Hamilton" actor discusses his hip-hop group, clipping., and their new cyberpunk album, "Dead Channel Sky."

This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation. Take an intimate look into the life of Liza Minnelli, best known for her Oscar-winning role in Cabaret. Following in the footsteps of her mother Judy Garland, Minnelli used her boundless raw talent to build her own legacy in showbiz.

This version contains extended audio description and large open captions. Take an intimate look into the life of Liza Minnelli, best known for her Oscar-winning role in Cabaret. Following in the footsteps of her mother Judy Garland, Minnelli used her boundless raw talent to build her own legacy in showbiz.

In this episode of American Masters: Creative Spark, singer-songwriter Lucy Dacus talks about love songs for her new album, "Forever is a Feeling."

This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation. Learn about jazz virtuoso and screen superstar Hazel Scott, the first Black American to have their own television show. An early civil rights pioneer, she faced down the Red Scare at the risk of losing her career and was a champion for equality.

This version contains extended audio description and large open captions. Learn about jazz virtuoso and screen superstar Hazel Scott, the first Black American to have their own television show. An early civil rights pioneer, she faced down the Red Scare at the risk of losing her career and was a

On October 25th, 1994, Isabella Rossellini sat down with director Helen Whitney for a discussion on how Richard Avedon helped her overcome her prejudice of becoming a model, her fruitful career in modeling and the beauty behind good photographs. Interview conducted for "Richard Avedon: Darkness and Light" (1996)

This version contains extended audio description and large open captions. Discover the story behind singer Brenda Lee’s iconic songs and explore how her early fame and life of poverty shaped her artistry across pop, rock ‘n’ roll and country. Known for her Christmas classic and Billboard hit “Rockin’ Around

This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation. Discover the story behind singer Brenda Lee’s iconic songs and explore how her early fame and life of poverty shaped her artistry across pop, rock ‘n’ roll and country. Known for her Christmas classic and Billboard hit “Rockin’ Around The Christmas Tree,” she

On July 24th, 2001, Quincy Jones sat down with Michael Kantor, director of "American Masters — Quincy Jones: In The Pocket" (2001), to discuss Jones' early career, his friendships with Miles Davis and Frank Sinatra, and how he defines himself and a fulfilling life.

This version contains extended audio description and large open captions. The story of a Black Panther Party member and founder of the East Oakland Center for Independent Living, who had multiple sclerosis and used a wheelchair. Explore Brad Lomax’s under-reported contributions to the early disability justice movement, which laid

The story of a Black Panther Party member and founder of the East Oakland Center for Independent Living, who had multiple sclerosis and used a wheelchair. Explore Brad Lomax’s under-reported contributions to the early disability justice movement, which laid the groundwork for the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act.

This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation and open captions. The story of a Black Panther Party member and founder of the East Oakland Center for Independent Living, who had multiple sclerosis and used a wheelchair. Explore Brad Lomax’s under-reported contributions to the early disability justice movement, which laid the

This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation and open captions. An African American composer and pianist known as one of the greatest musicians of the 19th century, Thomas Wiggins (1849-1908) was blind from birth and likely autistic. Although born into slavery, Wiggins was the first African American to perform at the

An African American composer and pianist known as one of the greatest musicians of the 19th century, Thomas Wiggins (1849-1908) was blind from birth and likely autistic. Although born into slavery, Wiggins was the first African American to perform at the White House, and toured throughout the U.S., South

This version contains extended audio description and open captions. An African American composer and pianist known as one of the greatest musicians of the 19th century, Thomas Wiggins (1849-1908) was blind from birth and likely autistic. Although born into slavery, Wiggins was the first African American to perform at the

This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation and open captions. The story of a street musician, born with a condition that left her limbs unusable. In 1975, Tate Harrington won a custody battle against the Philadelphia Department of Child Welfare, which sought to take away her infant daughter. See how Tate

The story of a street musician, born with a condition that left her limbs unusable. In 1975, Tate Harrington won a custody battle against the Philadelphia Department of Child Welfare, which sought to take away her infant daughter, claiming that she could not provide adequate care. See how Tate Harrington’

This version contains extended audio description and large open captions. The story of a street musician, born with a condition that left her limbs unusable. In 1975, Tate Harrington won a custody battle against the Philadelphia Department of Child Welfare, which sought to take away her infant daughter. See how

This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation and open captions. Explore the story of the U.S. Senator for Hawai’i who was injured in battle during World War II, resulting in the amputation of his right arm. Inouye championed the cause of justice and equality for all Americans, including people

This version contains extended audio description and large open captions. Explore the story of the U.S. Senator for Hawai’i who was injured in battle during World War II, resulting in the amputation of his right arm. Inouye championed the cause of justice and equality for all Americans, including

Explore the story of the U.S. Senator for Hawai’i who was injured in battle during World War II, resulting in the amputation of his right arm. Posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his lifelong public service, Inouye championed the cause of justice and equality for all

This version contains extended audio description and large open captions. Explore the story of a woman with dwarfism who revolutionized the world of science fiction by editing and publishing books from sci-fi writers such as Arthur C. Clarke, Isaac Asimov and Philip K. Dick. See how science fiction narratives offer

This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation and open captions. Explore the story of a woman with dwarfism who revolutionized the world of science fiction by editing and publishing books from sci-fi writers such as Arthur C. Clarke, Isaac Asimov and Philip K. Dick. See how science fiction narratives offer a

The story of a woman with dwarfism who revolutionized the world of science fiction by editing and publishing books from sci-fi writers such as Arthur C. Clarke, Isaac Asimov, Philip K. Dick and George Lucas’ “Star Wars” in novel form. See how science fiction narratives, through their speculative and imaginative

Explore the story of Dominican-American poet and novelist Julia Alvarez, who burst onto the literary scene and blazed a trail for a generation of Latino authors.

Explore the story of Dominican-American poet and novelist Julia Alvarez, who burst onto the literary scene and blazed a trail for a generation of Latino authors.

Explore the story of director, screenwriter and producer Blake Edwards, known for cinema classics such as “Breakfast at Tiffany's,” “Days of Wine and Roses” and the “Pink Panther” series.

Explore the story of director, screenwriter and producer Blake Edwards, known for cinema classics such as “Breakfast at Tiffany's,” “Days of Wine and Roses” and the “Pink Panther” series. This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation.

On April 6, 2007, Paul Mooney reflected on the mechanics of stand-up comedy and his unique role as best friend to comedy’s all-time greatest, Richard Pryor. Interview conducted by director Michael Kantor for the six-hour PBS comedy series, “Make ‘Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America” (2009).

On October 10, 2007, Lily Tomlin spoke about her time on Laugh-In and how she developed her characters. Interview conducted by director Michael Kantor for the six-hour PBS comedy series, “Make ‘Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America” (2009).

On September 19, 2007, Phyllis Diller reflected on how her comedy was a response to years of “take my wife” jokes. Interview conducted by director Michael Kantor for the six-hour PBS comedy series, “Make ‘Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America” (2009).

On November 16, 2006, Jeff Foxworthy discussed how comedians need to be able to connect with their audiences and shared his definition of a redneck. Interview conducted by director Michael Kantor for the six-hour PBS comedy series, “Make ‘Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America” (2009).

Jamie Diaz is a 66-year-old Mexican-American trans woman and self-taught artist who has spent nearly 30 years in a men’s prison in Texas. See how her enduring friendship with Gabriel Joffe, a volunteer who happened upon one of her works, has helped Jamie’s art reach far beyond the

On November 16, 2006, Joan Rivers spoke about her experience as a female comic in the early 60s and finding her comedic voice. Interview conducted by director Michael Kantor for the six-hour PBS comedy series, “Make ‘Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America” (2009).

On July 16, 2008, Conan O’Brien spoke about his style of late night and his reason for doing comedy. Interview conducted by director Michael Kantor for the six-hour PBS comedy series, “Make ‘Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America” (2009).

New Yorker Corky Lee photographed his hometown’s Chinatown and Asian American communities around the country for over 50 years, documenting activists, celebrities and everyday heroes he encountered in over 100,000 photos. While documenting the latest rise of anti-Asian hate crimes, Lee passed away from COVID-19. In his own

Discover the intellectual evolution and political legacy of William F. Buckley, Jr. See how the author and commentator, one of the foremost public intellectuals in American history, galvanized the modern conservative movement. This version contains on-screen ASL interpretation.

Maryland artist David Bacharach creates "The Mounds," an outdoor arts installation that confronts global climate change. Bacharach employs traditional weaving and metalsmithing techniques to build sculptures that reflect environmental problems that impact land, air and water. This synthesis of art and nature illustrates the interconnectedness of human activity

On March 12, 2008, comedian and actress Susie Essman spoke about her longtime collaboration with Larry David on "Curb Your Enthusiasm." She discusses the unique viewpoint of the show and how improvisation is at its core. Interview conducted by director Michael Kantor for the six-hour PBS comedy series,

Discover the intellectual evolution and political legacy of William F. Buckley, Jr. See how the author and commentator, one of the foremost public intellectuals in American history, galvanized the modern conservative movement. This version of the film contains extended audio description and large open captions.

On August 13, 2008, comedian Jerry Seinfeld discussed his collaboration with Larry David, the evolution of the American sitcom and the lure of stand-up comedy. Interview conducted by director Michael Kantor for the six-hour PBS comedy series, “Make ‘Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America” (2009).

Discover the life and legacy of former U.S. Senator and diplomat Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Going beyond the “Moynihan Report,” President Joe Biden, Ta-Nehisi Coates and others reflect on his decades-long fight to end national poverty. This version contains extended audio description and large open captions.

After answering an ad seeking a "young woman who can swim and dive; likes horses; desires to travel," Sonora Webster Carver became one of the most famous horse divers in the world. She continued diving for 11 years after being blinded in 1931 as a result of one

Born into slavery, Swann was the first known person to identify as a “Queen of Drag” and the first known American activist to lead a queer resistance group.

Martha Hughes Cannon (1857-1932) completed medical school, became the fourth of six wives in a polygamous Mormon marriage, and joined the women’s suffrage movement. In 1896, she was elected the country’s first female state senator, defeating her own husband who was also on the ballot.

Discover the candid perspectives of Latine actors, writers, producers, directors, and showrunners across generations as they dissect the ever-evolving issue of Latine representation in Hollywood. Featuring Edward James Olmos, John Leguizamo, Xolo Maridueña ("Cobra Kai"), and Julissa Calderon ("Gentefied"), Peter Murrieta ("Mr. Iglesias"), Marvin

Margaret Chung (1889-1959) overcame great racism and sexism to become the first American-born Chinese female doctor in 1916. She also helped establish WAVES, the women’s naval reserves, paving the way for women’s integration into the U.S armed forces.

Lillian Moller Gilbreth is the first woman elected to the National Academy of Engineering and the first female engineering professor at Purdue University. She worked to invent time and motion studies with her husband Frank, and elevated women’s labor in the domestic sphere with her design of the L-shaped

Pépin teaches us his recipe for a hearty kale soup with garbanzo beans, tomatoes, and more. "I love soup and usually when I do soup, I do a bunch of it because I can freeze it and you know, re-heat it when I need it."

Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973) made history as the first woman elected to the U.S. Congress and the only member of Congress to vote against U.S. participation in World War I and World War II. A determined suffragist, she helped women in her home state of Montana win the vote

Filmmaker Elissa Blount Moorhead provides a look into the art of award-winning, post-disciplinary artist Damon Davis, the St. Louis native whose work spans across illustration, painting, printmaking, music, film, and public art that explores the African American experience.

Pépin teaches us his recipe for beef carpaccio, which includes a thinly pounded filet of beef, garnished with scallions, olives and capers.

"For an elegant first course for a nice dinner you can make these cream cheese soufflés, which are extremely easy to do. A mixture of whipped cream cheese and an egg is placed into some little containers, or you can make one larger one. Serve them alone on a

On February 21, 2006, Gloria Steinem spoke about Marilyn Monroe's lasting legacy, what she represented to women and men, and how the advent of the women's movement could have provided her the support she desperately needed. Interview conducted by Gail Levin, director of "American Masters—

A full 50 years before the Montgomery bus boycott, civil rights activist and entrepreneur Maggie Lena Walker led a city-wide boycott against segregated streetcars in Richmond, VA, and founded a newspaper, department store, and the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, making her the first African American female bank president in